LoRa and LoRaWAN in Silvanet

Dryad Silvanet devices use LoRa in the Physical layer while LoRaWAN provides Mesh Networking between Silvanet devices. LoRaWAN uses frequencies based on country-specific regulations.

LoRa ISO model

LoRa

LoRa is implemented in the Physical (PHY) Layer to provide a long-range communication link between LoRa-enabled devices (Silvanet sensors and Gateways). The key advantages in Silvanet are its low power usage and long range. It is ideal for Dryad Silvanet devices as they send small amounts of data over long distances every two hours, under normal conditions. This allows the devices to operate using solar panels.

LoRa translates data from the MAC layer into radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted using the Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation method. LoRa networks can achieve a maximum throughput of 50 Kbps (100 bytes/mim in normal conditions).

Additionally, it is approved as a standard for Low Power Wide Area Networking (LPWAN) by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). As it operates in the license-free sub-gigahertz bands (such as 915 MHz, 868 MHz and 433 MHz), it is subject to interference and retransmissions.

LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN is a Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer protocol that manages communication between gateways and sensors in the Silvanet Network. It is a software built on top of LoRa hardware and defines, amongst other things, when data packets are transmitted and the format of those messages. Each node in a LoRaWAN network contains its own unique Device ID.

Silvanet sensors and LoRaWAN

The proprietary Silvanet Mesh Gateway uses LoRaWAN to enable large-scale deployment of Silvanet devices. It enables deployments in the challenging environment of forests where leaves, trees, hills and topology often inhibit radio waves. In these types of environments, the range of traditional LoRaWAN gateways is very limited which prevents them from sending and receiving messages deep into forests.

Silvanet Mesh Gateways and LoRaWAN

The proprietary Silvanet Mesh Gateway uses LoRaWAN to enable large-scale deployment of Silvanet devices. It enables deployments in the challenging environment of forests where leaves, trees, hills and topology often inhibit radio waves. In these types of environments, the range of traditional LoRaWAN gateways is very limited which prevents them from sending and receiving messages deep into forests.

Silvanet Border Gateways and LoRaWAN

Silvanet Border Gateways use LoRaWAN to communicate with Mesh Gateways (or directly to sensors if they are within range). The Border Gateway forwards messages from sensors and Mesh Gateways to the Silvanet Cloud over the Internet using LTE-M mobile radio, fixed line (Ethernet) connectivity or SWARM satellite connectivity.

FUOTA

Firmware Update Over the Air (FUOTA) is a standard for distributing firmware updates using unicast or multicast. Its greatest benefit is delivering updates over the air to many devices at the same time in an efficient and secure manner.

LoRaWAN supports FUOTA and End-to-End 128 bit AES encryption.

The Silvanet Cloud sends ML Model and firmware updates to all sensors in a Site using FUOTA. Update times are dependent on strength of device communication as well as supercapacitor energy storage levels.

Border Gateways are responsible for transmitting messages to all devices in the Silvanet Mesh Network for firmware updates using FUOTA.

LoRaWAN frequencies

The following is a select list of countries.