# Silvanet Mesh Network

Silvanet Wildfire Sensors and Mesh Gateways form the Silvanet Mesh Network to forward messages from remote Wildfire Sensors to [Border Gateways](https://docs.dryad.app/dryad-documentation/silvanet-suite/silvanet-suite/silvanet-border-gateways). This network is designed to work in areas where mobile coverage is weak or non-existent, which allows for large off-grid deployments.

Silvanet devices use the long-range, low power LoRa modulation to communication between devices using LoRaWAN.

{% hint style="info" %}
LoRaWAN uses [frequencies based on country-specific regulations](#lora-frequency-bands).
{% endhint %}

<figure><img src="https://2403147378-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FKqvtUjx9C2FEFg7nicAx%2Fuploads%2F2gLvllk8MNsewiEdEnZI%2Florawan-iso-model.jpg?alt=media&#x26;token=5be79bfe-e870-4248-a884-47e2e14274ba" alt="" width="563"><figcaption><p>LoRa in the ISO model</p></figcaption></figure>

## LoRaWAN and Silvanet devices

The Silvanet Mesh Network uses LoRaWAN, which allows large-scale deployment of Wildfire Sensors in the challenging environment of forests where leaves, trees, hills and topology often inhibit radio waves. In these types of environments, the range of traditional LoRaWAN gateways is very limited.

Border Gateways are responsible for transmitting messages to all devices in the Silvanet Mesh Network for firmware updates using FUOTA.

The Silvanet Mesh Network connects to Silvanet Border Gateways using LoRaWAN. This allows the Gateway to communicate with the proprietary Silvanet Mesh Gateways or directly to Wildfire Sensors if they are within range.

## LoRa frequency bands

Silvanet devices - Border Gateways, Mesh Gateways and Wildfire Sensors - are IoT devices based on LoRa. The frequency bands used by these devices depend on the region in which they is deployed:

* **Europe**: 868 MHz
* **North America**: 915 MHz
* **Asia**: 923 MHz

{% hint style="info" %}
These frequencies are set in the Silvanet devices by Dryad.
{% endhint %}

## Sensor frequency channels - Europe

| Operating channels (bandwidth) | Frequency channels (MHz)                                                                                                                                                               |
| ------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 125 kHz                        | <p>23 channels:<br>865.1, 865.3, 865.5, 865.7, 865.9, 866.1, 866.3, 866.5, 866.7, 866.9, 867.1, 867.3, 867.5, 867.7, 867.9, 868.1, 868.3, 868.5, 868.7, 868.9, 869.1, 869.3, 869.5</p> |
| 250 kHz                        | <p>10 channels:<br>865.1, 865.4, 865.7, 866, 866.3, 866.6, 866.9, 867.2, 867.5, 867.8</p>                                                                                              |

## Sensor frequency channels - North America

| Operating channels (bandwidth) | Frequency channels (MHz)                                                           |
| ------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 125 kHz                        | <p>64 channels:<br>902.3 MHz and incrementing linearly by 200 kHz to 914.9 MHz</p> |
| 250 kHz                        | <p>8 channels:<br>903.0 MHz and incrementing linearly by 1.6 MHz to 914.2 MHz</p>  |

## Max radio frequency power - EU and North America

Maximum radio frequency power transmitted (Tx) in frequency bands in which the sensor operates (EU and North America):

* EU Max Tx power: 25 mW EIRP
* US Max Tx power: 25 mW EIRP

## LoRa Frequency bands (MHz) - select countries

<table data-full-width="true"><thead><tr><th>Region</th><th>Country</th><th>FB 1</th><th>FB 2</th><th>FB 3</th><th>FB 4</th><th>Freq. Antenna</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Europe</td><td>Germany</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Greece</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spain</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Portugal</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Romania</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Italy</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkey</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td>North and South America</td><td>USA</td><td></td><td></td><td>902-928</td><td></td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canada</td><td></td><td></td><td>902-928</td><td></td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td></td><td></td><td>902-907.5</td><td>915-928</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Argentina</td><td></td><td></td><td>902-928</td><td>915-928</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>Australia</td><td>433-435</td><td></td><td></td><td>915-928</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>Indonesia</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>923-925</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td></td><td></td><td>920-925</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>South Korea</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>917-923.5</td><td>915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>India</td><td></td><td>865-867</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td>Africa</td><td>Egypt</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870 / 865-868</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td>Middle East</td><td>UAE</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870 / 870-875.8</td><td></td><td>915-921</td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>433.05-434.7</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Lebanon</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>863-870</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Jordan</td><td>433.05-434.79</td><td>865-868</td><td></td><td></td><td>868</td></tr></tbody></table>

{% hint style="info" %}
For a full list, see [The Things Network Frequency Plans by Country](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/frequencies-by-country/).
{% endhint %}


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