If a sensor determines with a high probability that a smoldering fire has occurred then fire alerts are immediately sent to notify users of the fire.
When the Silvanet system detects a smoldering fire, fire alerts are immediately sent to registered users via email and are displayed in the Site Management app.
Smoldering fires A smoldering fire is defined to be a slow, flameless combustion of a biomass material such as forest floor material, branches or leaves.
Warning - Wildfire Sensors require 14 days for calibration
Silvanet Wildfire Sensors are ready to detect fires ONLY after the sensors have been calibrated for 14 days after deployment.
Consequently, before the calibration period ends, the Wildfire Sensors do not provide useful information and may generate false alerts.
After the Wildfire Sensor has been calibrated, the gas sensor continuously monitors the microclimate of the forest air to measure:
Air pressure
Temperature
Humidity
At the same time the Wildfire Sensor "smells" the air around the sensor for the presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide.
VOCs
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are compounds that have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. Wildfire smoke contains many toxic VOCs depending on the type of fuel source of the fire.
Index of Air Quality (IAQ)
The sensor “smells” the air on a regular basis to determine if the air quality has deviated from the saved Normal Air Quality (see below). Air quality is quantified as an Index of Air Quality (IAQ) which has a range of values that indicate the quality of air within range of the sensor.
This continuous monitoring allows the Wildfire Sensor to distinguish between normal and declining Air Quality:
Normal Air Quality:
Normal Air Quality is the baseline reading of the Wildfire Sensor. It is the result of the 14 day calibration period of the sensor.
This process continues after calibration.
Declining Air Quality:
When the Air Quality deviates from the baseline reading (Normal Air Quality), this is considered a decline of Air Quality.
However, this decline could have many causes. It could be the result of similar gasses which the sensor has detected. These gases could be diesel fumes from a passing truck, cigarette smoke or other factors that can cause a decline in air quality.
The role of the Wildfire Sensor is to determine if this decline is the result of a smoldering fire or some other source.
Once per minute, the Sensor wakes up and performs an environmental monitoring gas scan. During each gas scan, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are measured. It also measures air pressure, temperature and humidity.
The Wildfire Sensor uses a default sliding time window of 5 minutes to "smell" the air. If the Wildfire Sensor detects a significant deterioration of air quality within the past four gas scans, a prescribed set of gas scans are triggered to determine if the observed deterioration is from a smoldering fire or from some other source.
The Wildfire Sensor only needs only 2-3 minutes to determine if a fire is present.
For each gas scan, the results of the gas scan are compared with with a pre-trained Machine Learning (ML) Model. This is done to determine if the observed decline in air quality can be classified as wildfire smoke or from some other source. As these gas scans consume a lot of energy, they are kept to a minimum.
Low probability of fire (Sensor Normalization): If a source other than a fire caused the decline in air quality (diesel fumes or some other similar gasses), then the sensor stops the gas scans and does not trigger a fire alert. In this case the sensor normalization is required which takes 30-60 minutes. See Sensor Normalization.
High probability of fire (Fire Alerts): If a smoldering fire caused the decline in air quality, then the gas scans are terminated and the sensor immediately triggers a stream of fire alert packets to the Silvanet Mesh Network. Users are then notified via email and through the Site Management app.
Returning to normal values after tests
After the sensor performs gas scans, it needs approximately 30-60 minutes for the sensor to return to baseline. During this time, the sensor does not perform fire detection.
Machine Learning models
These models have been trained in Dryad's lab to detect typical gas compositions of smoke from burning trees.
ML (Machine Learning) Models are pre-trained in the Dryad laboratory and can be fine-tuned / programmed specifically for the species of trees present in a particular deployment. Updated models can be remotely installed in the sensors by Dryad’s support team using FUOTA.
fire alerts contain the following information:
Total number of fire alerts sent from the detecting sensor.
Number of alerts sent from the detecting sensor within the last two hours.
Sensor ID of the Wildfire Sensor that detected the fire
Date
Timestamp
Location (Latitude and Longitude) of the Wildfire Sensor.
Link to Google Maps opens to show the location of the Wildfire Sensor that detected the fire. If Google Maps is not installed, it launches a browser and opens Google Maps in the browser.
When a sensor detects a fire, a fire alert email is immediately sent to registered users who can then act to extinguish the fire.
When a sensor detects a fire, the same fire alert that is sent as an email also appears as a fire alert in the Site Management app.
Selecting Alert Center displays all active fire alerts. Expanding the fire alert notification shows details of the detected fire.
Fire alert notifications from specific sensors can be muted.
From the Alert Center, select a Site generating fire alerts.
From the Site, select a sensor generating fire alerts.
Select the checkbox next to the Sensor name. The Mute notification icon appears.
From the dropdown choose the reason for clearing the alert:
Test Alert: Alert sent during testing the deployment with a controlled burn.
False Alert: Alert sent during the sensor calibration phase.
Fire Extinguished: Detected fire that caused the fire alert to be sent has been extinguished.
An MQTT interface is available for 3rd party alarm interfaces / apps.
See Also
For more information, Dryad API - MQTT Sensor Data Integration. For additional information, contact Dryad Support.
